Investigating Asphaltene Precipitation and Deposition in Ultra-Low Permeability Reservoirs during CO2-Enhanced Oil Recovery

CO2 flooding is an economically feasible and preferred carbon capture, storage, and utilization technology. Asphaltene deposition is a common problem in the process of CO2 injection because it may cause reservoir damage. The mechanism of asphaltene precipitation damage to the formation remains elusive. Experiments were conducted to reveal the pore-scale formation damage mechanism in ultra-low permeability reservoirs caused by asphaltene precipitation during CO2 flooding. Initially, the precipitation onset point for asphaltene within the crude oil-CO2 system was determined using a high-pressure tank equipped with visual capabilities. Subsequently, CO2 flooding experiments were conducted on ultra-low permeability cores under miscible and immiscible conditions, with the support of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to quantitatively evaluate the impact of asphaltene precipitation on ultra-low permeability reservoirs. The results indicate that within the pressure range from the asphaltene precipitation onset point to the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP). The level of asphaltene precipitation rises as CO2 injection pressure increases. In the miscible flooding stage, asphaltene precipitation can still occur, but to a lesser extent. Notably, asphaltene deposition predominantly occurs in larger pores; above the MMP, the permeability decreases significantly as asphalt particles agglomerate, resulting in notable pore-throat blockages. While asphaltene deposition has a minimal impact on porosity, the bridging effect of asphaltene particles reduces permeability.