Arsenic in the Tibetan Plateau’s geothermal systems: a detailed analysis of forms, sources, and geochemical behaviors

In high-altitude tectonic regions, significant geothermal activity influences groundwater arsenic levels, presenting crucial resource and environmental challenges. The present study examines the Gonghe-Guide Basin located in the northeastern region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The study employs a comprehensive approach encompassing field sampling, hydrochemical analysis, thermodynamic modeling, and statistical analysis to ascertain the composition and origins of arsenic in geothermal groundwater. The research data indicates that the geothermal groundwater in the area displays weak alkalinity and medium to high mineralization, with the principal hydrochemical types being SO 4− Cl·Na and Cl·Na. The concentration of arsenic has a notable inverse relationship with Cl − and a positive correlation with water temperature and DO. According to thermodynamic calculations, the most common kind of arsenic is As 5+ . The hydrochemical properties of the research area are shaped by rock weathering, evaporative concentration, and ion-exchange adsorption working together. These factors contribute to the favorable circumstances for the formation and migration of arsenic throughout the environment. Notably, the ion-exchange between sodium ions and calcium and magnesium ions significantly impacts the arsenic concentration. This study marks the first discovery of a unique arsenic contamination pattern in geothermal groundwater within the Gonghe-Guide Basin in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, revealing a positive correlation between arsenic levels, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen content. This provides a new perspective on understanding arsenic pollution in geothermal groundwater in high-altitude regions. Highlights Discovery of unique arsenic patterns in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau geothermal waters linked to environmental factors. Identification of arsenic behavior influenced by water chemistry and geothermal activity. First-time insights into arsenic’s origins and effects in high-altitude geothermal systems.