Comparison of a Spectral Bin and Two Multi-Moment Bulk Microphysics Schemes for Supercell Simulation: Investigation into Key Processes Responsible for Hydrometeor Distributions and Precipitation

There are more uncertainties with ice hydrometeor representations and related processes than liquid hydrometeors within microphysics parameterization (MP) schemes because of their complicated geometries and physical properties. Idealized supercell simulations are produced using the WRF model coupled with “full” Hebrew University spectral bin MP (HU-SBM), and NSSL and Thompson bulk MP (BMP) schemes. HU-SBM downdrafts are typically weaker than those of the NSSL and Thompson simulations, accompanied by less rain evaporation. HU-SBM produces more cloud ice (plates), graupel, and hail than the BMPs, yet precipitates less at the surface. The limiting mass bins (and subsequently, particle size) of rimed ice in HU-SBM and slower rimed ice fall speeds lead to smaller melting-level net rimed ice fluxes than those of the BMPs. Aggregation from plates in HU-SBM, together with snow–graupel collisions, leads to a greater snow contribution to rain than those of the BMPs. Replacing HU-SBM’s fall speeds using the formulations of the BMPs after aggregating the discrete bin values to mass mixing ratios and total number concentrations increases net rain and rimed ice fluxes. Still, they are smaller in magnitude than bulk rain, NSSL hail, and Thompson graupel net fluxes near the surface. Conversely, the melting-layer net rimed ice fluxes are reduced when the fall speeds for the NSSL and Thompson simulations are calculated using HU-SBM fall speed formulations after discretizing the bulk particle size distributions (PSDs) into spectral bins. The results highlight precipitation sensitivity to storm dynamics, fall speed, hydrometeor evolution governed by process rates, and MP PSD design.