Experimental Evidence of Direct Exchange Interaction Mediating Intramolecular Singlet Fission in Weakly-Coupled Dimers

The electronic interaction between an optically active singlet state (\(S_1S_0\)) and a dark state of singlet multiplicity, known as correlated triplet pair (\(^1[TT]\)), plays a crucial role in the effective transformation from \(S_1S_0\) to \(^1[TT]\) during intramolecular singlet fission (iSF). This process is understood through mechanisms such as direct exchange coupling and incoherent processes that involve super-exchange coupling through charge-transfer states. However, most insights into these mechanisms are derived from theoretical studies due to the difficulties in obtaining experimental evidence. In this study, we investigate the excited-state interactions between \(S_1S_0\) and \(^1[TT]\) in spiro-conjugated iSF sensitizers by employing transient two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. This approach allows us to focus on the early stages of the conversion from \(S_1S_0\) to \(^1[TT]\). Upon optical excitation, a superposition of \(S_1S_0\) and \(^1[TT]\) is created, which gradually transitions to favor \(^1[TT]\) within the characteristic time frames of iSF. The observed high-order signals indicate circular repopulation dynamic that effectively reinitiates the iSF process from higher energy electronic states. Our findings, supported by semi-quantum-mechanical simulations of the experimental data, suggest the presence of a direct iSF mechanism in the dimers, facilitated by weak non-adiabatic coupling between \(S_1S_0\) and \(^1[TT]\). This experiment provides new insights into the equilibrium between the two electronic states, a phenomenon previously understood primarily through theoretical models.