Investigation of the Effects of Sandblasting, Acid Etching, and Anodizing Parameters in the SLA + Anodizing on the Surface Treatment of Titanium Dental Implant Fixtures

This study investigated the various parameters of the sandblasting, acid-etching, and anodizing processes for 68 different states of surface treatment of dental implant fixtures using the SLA + anodizing procedure. To examine each of the fixture surfaces, 9 different tests were performed, including AFM, FESEM, EDAX, CHNO, XRD, EDAX-Map, MTT, Surface energy, and bone formation tests, to thoroughly examine the surfaces from different aspects. 450 dental implant fixture samples were used due to the high number of types of tests, variables, and specific conditions of each experiment. To validate the results, the tests were compared with SLA methos as a common method for dental implant treatment. The final results indicate the superiority of the process numbered 35 (sandblast particle size 75 μm; spraying pressure of sandblast particles 4 bar; sandblast particle spraying angle 30 deg; temperature of acid etching 75°C; time of acid etching 6 min, anodizing voltage 100 V; duration of anodizing 5 min), with the SLA + anodizing method. State number 35 had a surface roughness of 2.018 μm 97% cellular viability; 56.2 millinewton per meter surface energy, and standard chemical composition and mineralization after treatment. Within a period of 6 days, it completely outperformed all other states.