A review of research progress and prospects of modified two-dimensional catalysts based on black phosphorus in the oxygen reduction reaction

Facing the global energy crisis, fuel cells have attracted worldwide attention. However, their slow cathodic reduction reaction limits their large-scale application. Therefore, the development of two-dimensional oxygen reduction catalysts with low cost and high activity has become a research hotspot. Modified two-dimensional catalysts for oxygen reduction reactions such as black phosphorus, MoS 2 , LDH, and graphene can greatly improve electron transfer efficiency due to their unique two-dimensional morphology, nanothickness, high specific surface area, and doping of various active atoms, eliminating dependence on precious metals, thus demonstrating the good activity and excellent stability of oxygen reduction catalysts. Moreover, the formation of heterostructures can significantly improve the highly electrochemical active surface area of the electrocatalyst and accelerate charge transfer. The introduction of a substrate also magnifies the contact area between the electrolyte and the electrode, providing more intrinsic active sites. This review is based on the design and improvement of two-dimensional ORR catalysts, exploring more sustainable and low-cost fuel cell technologies to better solve the shortage of resources. In two-dimensional ORR catalysts such as black phosphorus (BP), modified heterostructures accelerate charge transfer. The substrate provides more active sites. This reduces dependence on precious metals and improves catalytic performance.