Integrated remediation approaches for selected pharmaceutical and personal care products in urban soils for a sustainable future

The presence of trace contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), in various environmental media (soil, sediments, groundwater, and surface water), is a growing concern. This is a serious issue due to a lack of understanding about the potential consequences of their occurrence, fate, and eco-toxicological impacts. Numerous studies have been carried out to determine their effect on animals and humans. This is critical for removing them from the soil and wastewater. Because of their low concentrations (ppm or ppb) and complex structure, these pollutants are difficult to completely remove in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Moreover, PPCPs are not efficiently removed by WWTPs; therefore, novel techniques for improved performance are required. Several technologies, including bioremediation, have been developed to remove these compounds from polluted soil and water. This article discussed the various PPCPs found in soil and wastewater, as well as available removal technologies, with a focus on integrated remediation approaches. Furthermore, we discuss the sources of PPCPs, their toxicity and risks to humans and ecosystems, the UN's goals for sustainable development, and PPCP elimination strategies.