Solution combustion synthesized ZnO/Na2Ti6O13 composite for degradation of 4-nitrophenol under solar irradiation

The ZnO–Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 composites were synthesized by facile solution combustion method with different molar concentrations of sodium titanate which is prepared by hydrothermal route. The formation of the composites was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) results revealed that the synthesized composites exhibit porous morphology, whereas the pristine Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 nanoparticles have whisker like morphology. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and photoluminescence (PL) studies were utilized to compute the bandgap and the presence of defects in the composites respectively. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO–Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 catalyst was investigated through the degradation of 4-nitrophenol under solar light over a period of 180 min and the composite with 0.05 M of Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 showed higher degradation efficiency (96%) than the other concentrations of Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 and pristine ZnO. The reduced bandgap, high charge transfer, more oxygen vacancies and the production of high superoxide anion radicals have profound effect on the higher photocatalytic efficiency of the composite with 0.05 of M Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 .