Progress and perspective of vanadium-based cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

With the rapid development of various portable electronic devices, lithium ion battery electrode materials with high energy and power density, long cycle life and low cost were pursued. Vanadium-based oxides/sulfides were considered as the ideal next-generation electrode materials due to their high capacity, abundant reserves and low cost. However, the inherent low conductivity and ion diffusion coefficient limit their practical applications in lithium ion batteries. In recent years, vanadium-based electrode materials have been designed into various nanostructures through a variety of nanofabrication processes to overcome the electrochemical performance bottleneck caused by the above disadvantages due to the new properties of nanomaterials that cannot be achieved at the solid level. However, how to obtain high-performance vanadium-based electrode nanomaterials with controllable morphology and structure through low-cost and environmentally friendly processes is still a huge challenge. In this paper, the basic structure, modified morphologies and synthesis methods of vanadium-based electrode materials for lithium ion batteries were reviewed. In addition, the disadvantages, new challenges and future development direction of vanadium electrode materials were also discussed.