Comparison of in-water kinetic behaviour during arm flexion by the elbow between middle-aged and older women

Adherence to water fitness programs has increased due to the health benefits of the aquatic environment. However, little is known about the behavior of force in the water and its transfer from land across different age groups. This study aimed to analyze and compare the kinetics of middle-aged and older women during arm flexion by the elbow. Eighteen women participated in the study, divided into middle-aged (G1) and older (G2) groups. The isometric peak strength of arm flexion was measured, and the hand force applied during arm flexion at different cadences was recorded. The results showed no significant differences in force variables between the two groups. However, variations were observed at different cadences within each group. Water fitness professionals should consider these variations when designing programs for middle-aged and older women. Future studies should compare younger adults and older participants to further understand these kinetic behaviors.