Computational analysis of heat transfer via heatlines for MHD natural convection ferrofluid flow inside the U-shaped cavity

This work contains computational simulation of natural convection through U-shaped cavity saturated with water-based ferroparticles under the impact of magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD). Uniform and linear heat has been provided to an enclosure through the bottom and side walls, respectively, whereas the remaining walls are kept adiabatic. Physical problem has been expressed mathematically with the help of Navier–Stokes equations coupled with energy equation. Galerkin’s weighted residual technique of finite element simulation is adopted to convert the system of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) into a nonlinear algebraic system and has been further solved using the Newton–Raphson method. Obtained numerical results have shown through graphs of streamlines, heatlines, isotherms, local and average Nusselt numbers against the wide ranges of parameters such as concentration of ferroparticles ( φ = 0.0–0.06), Rayleigh (Ra = 10 4 –10 7 ) and Hartmann number (Ha = 0–100) with Prandtl (Pr = 6.83). Results display that the influence of ferroparticles ( ϕ ) in the base fluid (water) increased the intensity bowls of streamlines and heat transfer rate within the enclosure. Furthermore, the reversed behavior has noticed for the case of increasing Hartmann number. The outcomes of the current work can be useful in optimizing designs and obtaining geometric parameters for effective energy transport in heat exchangers, solar collectors, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, chemical reactors and dye removal from textile wastewater through advanced oxidation processes.