Isotopic fingerprinting of fluid circulation at the terminal stage of the Himalayan orogeny: An example from the Himalayan forearc basin, Indus Tsangpo suture zone, Ladakh, India

Quartz and calcite veins are omnipresent in the Indus basin sedimentary rocks (IBSRs) of the Indus Tsangpo suture zone (ITSZ) which were formed by the accumulation of sediments derived from both sides of the tectonic plate. These veins appear to have formed just after the sediment diagenesis and were deformed together with the IBSR. The veins were studied for their rare earth elemental and isotopic geochemistry (C–O–Sr–Pb). The light rare earth element/mid rare earth element with an Eu/Eu* ratio of the veins (quartz and calcite) is >1 for the northern side (Tibetan side) and