Advanced Frequency Control Technique Using GTO with Balloon Effect for Microgrids with Photovoltaic Source to Lower Harmful Emissions and Protect Environment

Renewable energy (RE) resources such as wind and PV solar power are crucial for transitioning to carbon-free and sustainable energy systems, especially for agricultural and domestic applications in the desert and rural areas. However, implementing RE resources may lead to frequency penetrations, especially in isolated microgrids (µGs). This study proposes an adaptive load frequency control (LFC) technique for power systems. An integral controller can be tuned online using an artificial gorilla troops optimization algorithm (GTO), which is supported using a balloon effect (BE) identifier. Adaptive control is used to control the system frequency in case of variable loads and fluctuation due to 6 MW photovoltaic (PV). Three other optimization methods have been compared with the GTO + BE technique, namely the Grey Wolf Optimization method (GWO), the standard artificial gorilla troops optimization (GTO) and the Jaya technique. Digital simulation tests approved the efficiency of (GTO + BE) during system difficulties such as load disturbance and system parameter variations. In addition, the same test conditions have been repeated using a real-time simulation platform. The real-time simulation results supported the digital outcomes.