Atlantic Niño induced sea surface salinity variability as observed from the satellite

The Atlantic Niño exerts great impact on surrounding weather and climate anomalies, leading to anomalous wind, temperature, precipitation, etc. However, the impact of Atlantic Niño on ocean salinity in the tropical Atlantic has not been well disclosed. The present study examines the Atlantic Niño induced sea surface salinity (SSS) distribution in both boreal summer and winter seasons by using the satellite data as well as various reanalysis and objective analysis data sets. It concludes that the summer Atlantic Niño leads to large fresh SSS anomalies in the eastern equatorial basin, while the winter Atlantic Niño leads to a meridional dipole structure of SSS anomalies. The former is mostly controlled by the dynamical processes of ocean, while the latter is largely controlled by the atmospheric processes. Accordingly, two SSS indices are developed to describe the relationships in the two seasons. The present study advances our understanding of the Atlantic Niño and its associated SSS variability and reveals the possible deficiencies of current reanalysis and objective analysis data sets in the tropical Atlantic Ocean.