N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone as an Efficiency and Stability Additive for Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted considerable attention from developers due to their excellent photovoltaic performance. The quality of perovskite films is essential to the performance of such devices, and introducing additives into the precursor solution is an effective way to control film morphology and reduce defect density. In this paper, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is introduced into the precursor solution as an effective quality additive for perovskite films. Addition of 5% NMP precursor solution to PSCs with a hole transport layer (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) of polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) shows the desired characteristics in terms of open circuit voltage (0.91 V), short circuit current density (18.65 mA/cm 2 ), filling factor (almost 77%), energy conversion efficiency (13.04%), and device stability (up to 60 days). These results open new possibilities for the production of commercial perovskite solar cells.