Somaliland, an Exception to a State Failure

The concepts of failed states, collapse, and fragility emerged prominently on the international stage in the 1990s, particularly to describe nations grappling with crises in the aftermath of the Soviet Union's dissolution. These states are often characterized as incapable of self-governance, with Somalia frequently cited as a quintessential example. This article introduces a novel perspective on the notion of “failed states”, using Somaliland as a compelling case study to challenge the prevailing belief that state failure pervades all of Somalia. Initial analyses reveal that the crisis facing the Somali state is more advanced compared to post-Cold War African states. However, when examining Somaliland in isolation, the findings demonstrate that its trajectory in addressing conflict resolution, security, and state-building has prevented the outbreak of a civil war akin to that experienced in the southern regions. The article delves into the “Bottom-up trajectory”, a participatory approach to state-building adopted by Somaliland over various stages, marked by inter-clan conflicts and peace processes. This unique approach has enabled Somaliland to defy the odds of state failure and meet the requisites of a functional state, as outlined by the criteria of the Montevideo Convention of 1933, all without receiving international recognition.