Evolution and exhumation of intrusive rocks associated with the Naozhi porphyry–epithermal system, NE China

The Naozhi deposit of northeast China comprises intermediate-sulfidation epithermal-style veins and subeconomic, porphyry-style Cu mineralization hosted by dioritic to granitic plutons, which formed at ca. 130 Ma. These intrusive phases were fed by magmas that ponded at mid- to upper-crustal levels and were finally emplaced at 4 wt. %), and likely experienced a relatively prolonged evolution in the shallow crust rather than at depth. Magma devolatilization and fluid exsolution at shallow-crustal levels lead to decreases in both oxygen fugacity (log ƒO 2 − 10.96 to − 14.13) and water content (6.53 to 2.26 wt. %) at