Characterization of an \(\rm ^{27}Al^+\) ion optical clock laser with three independent methods

We report on the development and performance evaluation of an ultra-stable clock laser for an \(\rm ^{27}Al^+\) optical clock. The thermal noise limited ultra-stable laser is developed based on a 30 cm long ultra-stable cavity. Three independent evaluation methods, including the frequency noise summation method, the three-cornered hat (TCH) method, and the optical clock transition detection method, are used to evaluate the clock laser performance. The summation result of various frequency noise terms is compared with the result of the TCH method. In addition, the \(\rm ^{27}Al^+\) ion optical clock transition with ultra-narrow linewidth is also used to detect the frequency noise of the laser at lower Fourier frequencies. The results of the three methods show good agreements, showing a frequency instability level of \(1.3\times10^{-16}\), and giving us confidence that these evaluation methods may provides guidance for accurate evaluations of high stability laser sources.