Nonlinear earthquake response of integral abutment bridges on vertical and batter piles: A practical approach

This paper presents a new finite element framework for seismic analysis of IABs (and other similar structures) on vertical and batter piles that takes into account nonlinear soil‐structure interaction. A previously developed macro‐element and linear impedance matrix are implemented in a time and modal domain solution, respectively. Detailed pseudo‐codes describing the implementation strategy for the macro‐element are provided. The solutions are validated using rigorous numerical models constructed in OpenSees MP. The software is further demonstrated by performing an extensive set of incremental dynamic analyses, where the effect of linear and nonlinear SSI, batter angle, pile spacing and asymmetric configuration is addressed and discussed.