An Overview of the Various Nanofiber Scaffolds Techniques with a Focus on the 3D Nanofiber-based Scaffolds Application in Medicine

Repairing large tissue defects often represents a great challenge in clinics due to issues regarding lack of donors, mismatched sizes, irregular shapes, and immune rejection. Three-dimensional (3D) printed scaffolds are promising for growing cells and manufacturing tissue constructs because of the intricate control over pore size, porosity, and geometric shape, but the lack of biomimetic surface nanotopography and restricted biomolecule presenting capacity render them less effective in regulating cell responses. Besides, electrospinning is a rapid and simple manner to fabrication of different forms of nanofibrous scaffolds and cause the novel and complex scaffold constructs for many tissue engineering applications. In this review article, we begin with a thorough discussion on the method of producing 1D, 2D, and 3D electrospun nanofiber materials. In particular, we insisted on the techniques which are developed to fabricate 3D scaffolds. We categorized these techniques into four groups, direct fabrication, post-processing method, the combination of textile method and electrospinning, and a combination of electrospinning and 3D printing. Then, we tried to explain their application in many clinical scopes, especially in drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and cancer treatment. Ultimately, we discussed future actions which could be done to improve nanomedicine and nanotechnology researches.