Applicability of the equilibrium adsorption isotherms and the statistical tools on to them: a case study for the adsorption of fluoride onto Mg-Fe-CO3 LDH

The demand for a low-cost, easy-to-use, low-maintenance system of adsorbents for detoxifying wastewater effluents is growing. A proper understanding of adsorption mechanisms, their controls, and adsorbate-adsorbent behavior is essential. Thus, the current study deals with the required understanding of linear equilibrium adsorption isotherm models. The adsorption data of different concentrations of fluoride onto Mg-Fe-CO3 LDH is fitted to isotherm models. The two-parameter models discussed are Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich, whereas the three-parameter model cited is Redlich-Peterson. To identify the best-fitting model(s) in an equilibrium isotherm study to quantitatively represent the relevant sorption system, various error functions and statistical tools, such as average relative error deviation (ARED), sum of square errors (ERRSQ or SSE), hybrid relative error function (HYBRID), Marquardt’s percent standard error deviation (MPSD), sum of absolute errors (EABS), sum of normalized errors (SNE), correlation coefficient of Pearson (r), coefficient of determination (r2), chi-square test (χ2), student’s T-test and F-test were applied. It is found that the Temkin model best fits the isotherm data, and the sorption process occurs over multiple layers as per the Freundlich isotherm and was found to be more promising than Langmuir’s monolayer sorption process. The exothermic physisorption course for the adsorbate-absorbent interactions is deduced from the isotherm parameters.