Bioherbicidal potential of Bacillus altitudinis D30202 on Avena fatua L.: a whole-genome sequencing analysis

Avena fatua L. (wild oat) is one of the most harmful gramineous weeds that can affect the yield and quality of infiltrating crops. Bacillus altitudinis D30202 exhibits an excellent biocontrol activity against wild oat. To elucidate the biocontrol mechanisms of B. altitudinis D30202, the genome structure of this strain was assessed via whole-genome sequencing analysis. We predicted and analyzed secondary metabolite synthesis gene clusters to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the biocontrol of weeds. The whole-genome sequencing data indicated that B. altitudinis D30202 had the genome size and GC content of 3,777,154 bp and 41.32%, respectively, and 3809 coding genes were identified. Moreover, this strain could generate several compounds with bioherbicidal activity, including 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid and two indole derivatives. Bioinformatics prediction and comparative genomic analysis revealed that the strain had 6 secondary metabolite gene clusters. Furthermore, the taxonomic position of B. altitudinis D30202 was assessed, confirming its uniqueness and novelty within the Bacillus genus. Comparative genomic analysis showed differences in gene distribution, suggesting potential adaptations to different environments. In conclusion, B. altitudinis D30202 possesses a genome with unique characteristics, encoding enzymes and pathways related to herbicidal potential and biocontrol. This study provides a reference basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of weed inhibition.