Engaging Stakeholders to Solve Complex Environmental Problems Using the Example of Micropollutants

Current and future challenges such as the climate crisis, demographic change and achieving the objectives of the Water Framework Directive require holistic and precautionary approaches within the framework of national and supranational strategies. Specific measures and projects resulting from these strategic activities are required to successfully meet the challenges. In 2016, the German Environment Agency (UBA) and the Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMUV) commissioned the process for the development of the Federal Government’s micropollutants strategy, which was later named the Trace Substance Strategy. The essential core instrument herein was a multi-stakeholder dialogue aimed at giving sufficient consideration to the different interests of the various stakeholders. The goal was to develop a balanced mix of measures and to initiate implementations in order to reduce emissions of micropollutants as effectively and efficiently as possible, at the source, in their application and in the downstream areas. The various measures were tested in a pilot phase, and the activities were evaluated before being transferred into the subsequent consolidation phase. This article describes the outcomes of the stakeholder dialogue as an instrument. This is complemented by the results of a stakeholder evaluation of the process itself and the results achieved. Important outcomes of the stakeholder dialogue are a Committee for the Identification of Relevant Micropollutants and the use of roundtables as an important instrument in which the manufacturers and the users of the substances can make an important contribution to reducing emissions. To address the opportunities and necessities of additional wastewater treatment, an “orientation framework” for municipal wastewater treatment plants was also established. Additionally, the German Centre for Micropollutants (SZB) was founded to continuously organize, support and accompany the various outcomes that became relevant pillars of the German government’s Trace Substance Strategy. The evaluation has shown that new approaches and new instruments have been created within the framework of the stakeholder dialogue, which enable flexible and short-term options for action and allow for the involvement of stakeholders in a manner appropriate to the polluter-pays principle. Specific emission reductions could not be expected within the time frame of the dialogue. However, stakeholders agreed that the strategic process chosen is pref