Is helicopter parenting related to college students' mental health? A typological and cross-cultural approach

Objective: The goal of this study is to uncover latent classes of maternal and paternal helicopter parenting among American and Chinese college students, and to examine whether latent classes of maternal and paternal helicopter parenting are related to college students' mental health (depression and self-esteem). Background: Previous studies have examined the association between helicopter parenting and college students' well-being. However, less is known about how the multidimensional construct of helicopter parenting is related to college students' mental health across Western and Eastern cultural contexts. Method: We conducted three-step latent class analyses using nine helicopter parenting indicators for 1,386 mother-child and 1,214 father-child groups in the United States and 520 mother-child and 454 father-child groups in China. Next, we tested the association between the class membership of maternal and paternal helicopter parenting and college students' mental health. Results: We identified distinct helicopter parenting latent classes among four American and Chinese parent-child groups. We also found that American college students in the strong maternal helicopter parenting latent class reported poorer mental health than those in other latent classes. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the multi-dimensional construct of helicopter parenting can be interpreted differently by parents and college-aged children according to their social and cultural contexts. Implications: The findings of this study suggest that it is necessary to strengthen understanding of the multi-dimensional construct of helicopter parenting for parents with college-aged children to enable them to develop more appropriate parenting practices as well as support their children's well-being.