Silica nanoparticle accumulation in plants: current state and future perspectives

With their excellent biocompatibility, adjustable size, and high specific surface area, silica nanoparticles (SiO 2 NPs) offer an alternative to traditional bulk fertilizers as a means to promote sustainable agriculture. SiO 2 NPs have been shown to promote the growth of plants and to reduce the negative effects of biotic and abiotic stresses, but their bioaccumulation is a crucial factor that has been overlooked in studies of their biological effects. In this review, the techniques to quantify and visualize SiO 2 NPs in plants were examined first. We then provide a summary of the current state of knowledge on the accumulation, translocation, and transformation of SiO 2 NPs in plants and of the factors ( e.g. , the physicochemical properties of SiO 2 NPs, plant species, application mode, and environmental conditions) that influence SiO 2 NP bioaccumulation. The challenges in analyzing NP-plant interactions are considered as well. We conclude by identifying areas for further research that will advance our understanding of NP-plant interactions and thus contribute to more sustainable, eco-friendly, nano-enabled approaches to improving crop nutrient supplies. The information presented herein is important to improve the delivery efficiency of SiO 2 NPs for precision and sustainable agriculture and to assess the safety of SiO 2 NPs during their application in agriculture. The bioaccumulation of silica nanoparticles in plants, including their accumulation, translocation, and transformation, is summarized in this review.