Modeling total surface current in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea by combination of geodetic and hydrographic observations and assimilation with in situ current meter data

Surface currents in oceanic environment are of vital importance from economical, biological and environmental aspects. Modelling ocean currents has generally been performed using numerical ocean circulation models as a solution to initial-boundary value problems in oceanic domain. Due to lack of knowledge about model parameters as well as initial and boundary values, they need to be externally calibrated for accurate local and regional applications. In this study, an alternative approach is proposed to incorporate spaceborne geodetic observations as well as hydrographic data to estimate the total surface current in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea. Being the data-driven approach, the method is comparable to numerical ocean models and regionally it is more accurate and simpler in application. The proposed method focuses on the computation of dynamic topography (DT) by least squares variance component estimation combining two different schemes. They are (1) DT estimation via direct observations of sea surface height from satellite altimetry and (2) steric and non-steric modeling of sea level anomaly using temperature and salinity data for the steric component; and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment observations for the non-steric component. Ultimately, the total surface current is obtained by computing the horizontal gradient of DT using geostrophic equation and adding the components of the Ekman current. Moreover, the estimated total surface current is further improved by assimilating with in situ current meter data using 3D-Variational data assimilation method and it is validated against two control stations. This assimilation leads to improvement of about 3 to 15 cm/s in total surface current computed using geostrophic equation and Ekman current. Besides, to illustrate the significance of the proposed approach, the estimated total surface current is externally validated and compared with the output of Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS), as a numerical ocean model developed for oceanographic applications. Our comparison reveals that the proposed method is more accurate and reliable than CMEMS products. As for the circulation and current pattern, the estimated surface velocities reveal the existence of eddies in the region of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, indicating the occurrence of cyclonic and anti-cyclonic circulations. Moreover, they elucidate that the velocities are lower in spring and summer and higher in autumn and w