Physical, electrochemical, and catalytic attributes of Mx–Bi–V–O (Mx = Al, Fe, Co, and Ni) nanocomposites for the fabrication of chromene derivatives

Considering that in the previous work of the group, the physical, electrochemical and catalytic properties of Bi–V–O samples without doping were studied, in this research work we decided to investigate the said properties for samples doped with different ions to compare data and results. Hydrothermal fabrication of some M x -doped Bi–V–O (M = doped metal) mixed metal oxides was reported in the present study. Several standard techniques, such as energy dispersive X-ray, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), cyclic voltametry (CV), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), were employed to specify the virtues of the prepared samples. XRD data confirmed that Bi 2 V 2 O 7 and BiVO 4 were the main crystal phases in the mixture of the products. FESEM and TEM images showed that the samples had particle and rod morphologies. The presence of strong spectra in the range of visible light were confirmed using the UV–Vis spectroscopy. The prepared composites' direct band gap energy ( E g ) values were among 2 and 5 eV. According to VSM analysis, the results revealed that the samples showed weak magnetic behavior. The highest magnetic property was considered with the intercalating of Fe into the crystal system. Electrochemical properties measured by CV analysis showed that the samples had considerable charge discharge-specific capacitance values. Besides, the samples showed weak oxidation–reduction peaks indicating the possible battery and, or electrocatalyst application. The catalytic performance of the substance was studied for the synthesis of chromene derivatives. A high yield was obtained when ultrasound irradiation was used. In the following, we intend to study the photocatalytic and antibacterial activity of the synthesized samples (pure and doped samples) and compare the results with the components which used in the nanocomposite structure. Graphical abstract