Shape effects of Darcy–Forchheimer unsteady three-dimensional CdTe-C/H2O hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with convective heat transfer

The present investigation explores the Darcy–Forchheimer unsteady hybrid nanofluid flow over a bidirectionally stretching sheet, with particular emphasis on convective heat transfer. The main focus of this study is to investigate the heat transfer and flow characteristics of sphere, brick, and blade-shaped cadmium telluride and graphite nanoparticle suspensions in water with viscous dissipation and Joule heating effects. The methodology involves the conversion of governing partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through similarity variables. An implicit Keller Box numerical technique is used to solve the resulting ODEs. Porosity and inertia coefficients reduce the velocity, but the reverse trend is observed for the temperature profiles. Eckert and Biot numbers enhance the temperature of the fluid. The variation in the nanoparticle volume fraction ranges from 2% to 10%. For 10% nanoparticle volume fraction, CdTe/H2O, C/H2O mono-nanofluids achieve 25.71% and 30.76% heat transfer rate, respectively. However, for 10% of the nanoparticle volume fraction, CdTe-C/H2O hybrid nanofluids achieve 28.6%, 34.66%, and 69.07%, and Al2O3-CuO/H2O hybrid nanofluids achieve 31.14%, 38.37%, and 83.21% heat transfer rates for spherical, brick, and blade-shaped nanoparticles. The heat transfer rate of Al2O3-CuO nanoparticles is found to be greater when compared to CdTe-C nanoparticles. In the context of CdTe-C/H2O and Al2O3-CuO/H2O hybrid nanofluids, it has been observed that blade-shaped nanoparticles exhibit heat transfer rates that are 25.55% and 32.41% higher than those achieved with brick-shaped nanoparticles, respectively. Blade-shaped nanoparticles exhibit a greater velocity and heat transport rate in comparison with spherical and brick-shaped nanoparticles.