Transforming Lignin Biomass to Value: Interplay Between Ligninolytic Enzymes and Lignocellulose Depolymerization

Lignin is the main constituent of lignocellulosic biomasses, which have a significant untapped ability to replace ecologically unfavorable and non-renewable fossil fuels. The lignin is broken down by ligninolytic bacteria, which also use a peripheral pathway to transform heterogeneous lignin derivatives into central intermediates like protocatechuate or catechol. By undergoing ring cleavage through the -ketoadipate pathway, these intermediates become metabolites by producing acetyl-CoA for internal product biosynthesis, including the creation of triacylglycerols and polyhydroxyalkanoates. Expanding our understanding of ligninolytic microbial communities, strains, and enzymes through bioprospecting can help us better understand the metabolism of aromatics. The most viable idea for sustainable development is the valorization of lignin into biopolymers as well as other high-value goods. This process is now being used to generate a variety of biopolymers, including polyesters, epoxies, phenol resins, poly (lactic acids), poly hydroxyl alkanoates, and polyurethanes. Furthermore, lignin recalcitrance remained a possible barrier to efficient lignin valorization, prompting several efforts to design high-efficiency bioprocesses to produce specific polymer types as well as other important bioproducts. Graphical Abstract