Looking through the model’s eye: A systematic review of eye movement modeling example studies

Eye movement modeling examples (EMME) are novel types of video modeling examples that contain additional eye-movement recordings of the model to provide attentional guidance. Increasing demand in using instructional videos and interest in using eye-tracking in education makes EMME an appealing research subject. Hence, this study aims to systematically review empirical studies employed EMME to synthesize extant literature and reveal literature gaps for further studies. Thirty one peer-reviewed studies containing 37 experiments published between 2009 and 2022 were included in the analyses. The findings are summarized in three subtitles including methodological, task and design characteristics of EMME studies. Results showed that the number of EMME studies has been increased recently. EMME have been used to teach cognitive skills more frequently than perceptual skills. Also, there is no consensus about the design features of EMME. Further research especially focusing on different design features of EMME and its effects are required.