Dielectric Relaxation Behavior and Conduction Mechanism of Ca and Ti Co-Doped Multiferroic Bismuth Ferrite

A multiferroic material with a wide range of uses is bismuth ferrite, which shows outstanding potential. Ca and Ti co-doped BFO samples have been synthesized by the modified sol–gel method. The crystal structures of the samples have been confirmed by x-ray diffraction. The microscopic dielectric relaxations and conduction processes in these materials have been analyzed using complex impedance, complex electric modulus, and frequency-dependent ac conductivity analyses. The modified Debye’s function has been used to study the dispersion behavior of the dielectric constant. The brick-layer model has been used to describe the dielectric characteristics of each sample. Furthermore, to study the conduction mechanism, ac conductivity data have been analyzed using Jonscher’s power law and the Arrhenius equation. The Arrhenius technique was used to calculate the relaxation time as well as the activation energies using the imaginary part of the electrical impedance and the modulus. The presence of non-Debye-type relaxation processes, which include localized and long-range relaxation processes, is supported by the electric modulus spectroscopy. Graphic Abstract