An analysis of the socio-economic impacts of the 2021 mountain Semeru Eruption on household level using PLS-SEM

The objective of this study is to assess the socio-economic impact of the December 2021 eruption of Mount Semeru in Lumajang, East Java, Indonesia. A field survey was conducted by using 200 valid respondents from three affected districts in the area. The PLS-SEM method (Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Model) was used to empirically examine the effect of the Semeru eruption on socio-economic activities in the affected districts. The questionnaire, developed based on the Household Resilience concept published by Zahan ( 2021 ) and Gaisie et al. ( 2021 ), outlines the determinants of household resilience by using five and three indicators or latent variables, respectively. There are two empirical findings. The first finding demonstrates that household resilience is determined by awareness, ability, action, and ecology. The second shows that a higher level of household resilience can lead to a lower economic and social impact of the Mount Semeru eruption. To enhance household resilience, society, regional, and central governments, all of them are able to collaborate to raise awareness, disseminate information on action and ecology regarding Mount Semeru eruptions. The Regional Government and the Regional Agency for Disaster Management in Lumajang are suggested to provide better facilities and improve regulations for mitigation and evacuation.