Investigation of Electronic and Atomic Structure and Transport Properties of Black Phosphorus Single Crystals

The electronic and atomic structure and transport properties of black phosphorus single crystals prepared by high-pressure and gas-transport methods were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy (STM, AFM). The atomic resolution of the single crystal surface was obtained by scanning tunneling microscopy. After exposure of the clean surface under ambient conditions, the features in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra corresponding to the oxidized form of phosphorus were observed and detected using atomic force microscopy. Using low-temperature transport measurements, impurity activation energies were determined and negative magnetoresistance was detected.