An exploratory study of a hands‐on naloxone training for rural clinicians and staff
Introduction Since the COVID‐19 pandemic, an increase in fentanyl‐combined drugs has led to a surge in opioid overdose deaths in the United States. Higher opioid overdose mortality rates are problematic in rural communities, and there are few prevention, treatment, and recovery resources for individ...
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description | Introduction
Since the COVID‐19 pandemic, an increase in fentanyl‐combined drugs has led to a surge in opioid overdose deaths in the United States. Higher opioid overdose mortality rates are problematic in rural communities, and there are few prevention, treatment, and recovery resources for individuals experiencing opioid use disorder.
Method
This exploratory project aimed to investigate a hands‐on naloxone training for rural clinicians and staff. Rural clinicians and staff at two behavioral health centers were recruited to participate in a 30‐min lecture and 30‐min hands‐on intranasal naloxone training using a low‐fidelity mannequin. A pre‐post opioid knowledge questionnaire, rubric based on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration toolkit, and investigator‐generated survey were used to evaluate opioid knowledge and response, demonstration of intranasal naloxone administration, and participants' perceptions of the training. Enrollment characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics and paired t‐tests were used to assess mean differences.
Results
Of the nine participants in the project, seven (87.5%) were female and six (75.0%) were Black. Four participants assumed a therapist role, attained a MS or MA degree, and had 5 or more years of experience working in healthcare. The total mean rubric score for all participants was 96.0 (SD = 8.8). No significant pre‐post mean differences among opioid knowledge, overdose risk, and overdose response categories were found, all p > 0.05. However, post‐intervention mean scores were slightly higher in all categories except overdose risk. Most participants (77.8%) responded that they felt comfortable handling an opioid situation and teaching the training to community members. Open‐ended responses indicated that participants liked the demonstrations, examples used, hands‐on nature of the training, and the presentation materials.
Conclusion
A hands‐on naloxone training is beneficial for training rural clinicians and staff to respond to opioid overdose. This training may be a promising solution to reduce response time between recognition of opioid symptoms and administration of the life‐saving medication, naloxone. Future studies should examine the efficacy of this training in larger samples with the inclusion of rural interdisciplinary teams, trusted community leaders, and family and friends of those impacted by opioid use disorder.
Clinical relevance
This innovative hands‐on naloxone trai |
doi_str_mv | 10.1111/jnu.12841 |
format | Article |
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Since the COVID‐19 pandemic, an increase in fentanyl‐combined drugs has led to a surge in opioid overdose deaths in the United States. Higher opioid overdose mortality rates are problematic in rural communities, and there are few prevention, treatment, and recovery resources for individuals experiencing opioid use disorder.
Method
This exploratory project aimed to investigate a hands‐on naloxone training for rural clinicians and staff. Rural clinicians and staff at two behavioral health centers were recruited to participate in a 30‐min lecture and 30‐min hands‐on intranasal naloxone training using a low‐fidelity mannequin. A pre‐post opioid knowledge questionnaire, rubric based on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration toolkit, and investigator‐generated survey were used to evaluate opioid knowledge and response, demonstration of intranasal naloxone administration, and participants' perceptions of the training. Enrollment characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics and paired t‐tests were used to assess mean differences.
Results
Of the nine participants in the project, seven (87.5%) were female and six (75.0%) were Black. Four participants assumed a therapist role, attained a MS or MA degree, and had 5 or more years of experience working in healthcare. The total mean rubric score for all participants was 96.0 (SD = 8.8). No significant pre‐post mean differences among opioid knowledge, overdose risk, and overdose response categories were found, all p > 0.05. However, post‐intervention mean scores were slightly higher in all categories except overdose risk. Most participants (77.8%) responded that they felt comfortable handling an opioid situation and teaching the training to community members. Open‐ended responses indicated that participants liked the demonstrations, examples used, hands‐on nature of the training, and the presentation materials.
Conclusion
A hands‐on naloxone training is beneficial for training rural clinicians and staff to respond to opioid overdose. This training may be a promising solution to reduce response time between recognition of opioid symptoms and administration of the life‐saving medication, naloxone. Future studies should examine the efficacy of this training in larger samples with the inclusion of rural interdisciplinary teams, trusted community leaders, and family and friends of those impacted by opioid use disorder.
Clinical relevance
This innovative hands‐on naloxone training is designed for rural clinicians and residents who are most likely to witness individuals experiencing opioid toxicity. The primary goal is to reduce response time between recognition of signs and symptoms and administration of the life‐saving medication, Naloxone.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1527-6546</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1547-5069</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12841</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36411494</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Acknowledgment ; Analgesics, Opioid - therapeutic use ; Classification ; clinicians ; Community ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; Drug abuse ; Drug overdose ; Drug Overdose - diagnosis ; Drug Overdose - drug therapy ; Drug Overdose - prevention & control ; Drugs ; Efficacy ; Fatalities ; Female ; Fentanyl ; Fidelity ; Friendship ; Hands ; harms reduction ; Health behavior ; Health care industry ; Health facilities ; Health promotion ; Health services ; Humans ; Interdisciplinary aspects ; Knowledge ; Leadership ; Lifesaving ; Male ; Management ; Mental disorders ; Mental health care ; Mental health services ; Mortality ; Mortality rates ; Multidisciplinary teams ; Naloxone ; Naloxone - therapeutic use ; naloxone training ; Narcotic Antagonists - therapeutic use ; Narcotics ; Nasal sprays ; Opiate Overdose ; opioid use disorder ; Opioid-Related Disorders ; Opioids ; Pandemics ; Questionnaires ; Reaction time ; rural ; Rural areas ; Rural communities ; Rural Population ; Social response ; Substance abuse ; Substance abuse treatment ; Substance use disorder ; Symptoms ; Teaching ; Teams ; Training ; United States</subject><ispartof>Journal of nursing scholarship, 2023-05, Vol.55 (3), p.599-604</ispartof><rights>2022 Sigma Theta Tau International.</rights><rights>Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd. May 2023</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3881-a41ca4caeea3051dc7518be958961408af6dceef0388aeabdabea1a9e39527d23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3881-a41ca4caeea3051dc7518be958961408af6dceef0388aeabdabea1a9e39527d23</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fjnu.12841$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fjnu.12841$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,1412,12827,27325,27905,27906,30980,33755,45555,45556</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36411494$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Cody, Shameka L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hines, Cheryl B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Glenn, Christina J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sharp‐Marbury, Rochelle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Newman, Sharlene</creatorcontrib><title>An exploratory study of a hands‐on naloxone training for rural clinicians and staff</title><title>Journal of nursing scholarship</title><addtitle>J Nurs Scholarsh</addtitle><description>Introduction
Since the COVID‐19 pandemic, an increase in fentanyl‐combined drugs has led to a surge in opioid overdose deaths in the United States. Higher opioid overdose mortality rates are problematic in rural communities, and there are few prevention, treatment, and recovery resources for individuals experiencing opioid use disorder.
Method
This exploratory project aimed to investigate a hands‐on naloxone training for rural clinicians and staff. Rural clinicians and staff at two behavioral health centers were recruited to participate in a 30‐min lecture and 30‐min hands‐on intranasal naloxone training using a low‐fidelity mannequin. A pre‐post opioid knowledge questionnaire, rubric based on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration toolkit, and investigator‐generated survey were used to evaluate opioid knowledge and response, demonstration of intranasal naloxone administration, and participants' perceptions of the training. Enrollment characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics and paired t‐tests were used to assess mean differences.
Results
Of the nine participants in the project, seven (87.5%) were female and six (75.0%) were Black. Four participants assumed a therapist role, attained a MS or MA degree, and had 5 or more years of experience working in healthcare. The total mean rubric score for all participants was 96.0 (SD = 8.8). No significant pre‐post mean differences among opioid knowledge, overdose risk, and overdose response categories were found, all p > 0.05. However, post‐intervention mean scores were slightly higher in all categories except overdose risk. Most participants (77.8%) responded that they felt comfortable handling an opioid situation and teaching the training to community members. Open‐ended responses indicated that participants liked the demonstrations, examples used, hands‐on nature of the training, and the presentation materials.
Conclusion
A hands‐on naloxone training is beneficial for training rural clinicians and staff to respond to opioid overdose. This training may be a promising solution to reduce response time between recognition of opioid symptoms and administration of the life‐saving medication, naloxone. Future studies should examine the efficacy of this training in larger samples with the inclusion of rural interdisciplinary teams, trusted community leaders, and family and friends of those impacted by opioid use disorder.
Clinical relevance
This innovative hands‐on naloxone training is designed for rural clinicians and residents who are most likely to witness individuals experiencing opioid toxicity. The primary goal is to reduce response time between recognition of signs and symptoms and administration of the life‐saving medication, Naloxone.</description><subject>Acknowledgment</subject><subject>Analgesics, Opioid - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Classification</subject><subject>clinicians</subject><subject>Community</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>Drug abuse</subject><subject>Drug overdose</subject><subject>Drug Overdose - diagnosis</subject><subject>Drug Overdose - drug therapy</subject><subject>Drug Overdose - prevention & control</subject><subject>Drugs</subject><subject>Efficacy</subject><subject>Fatalities</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fentanyl</subject><subject>Fidelity</subject><subject>Friendship</subject><subject>Hands</subject><subject>harms reduction</subject><subject>Health behavior</subject><subject>Health care industry</subject><subject>Health facilities</subject><subject>Health promotion</subject><subject>Health services</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Interdisciplinary aspects</subject><subject>Knowledge</subject><subject>Leadership</subject><subject>Lifesaving</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Management</subject><subject>Mental disorders</subject><subject>Mental health care</subject><subject>Mental health services</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Mortality rates</subject><subject>Multidisciplinary teams</subject><subject>Naloxone</subject><subject>Naloxone - therapeutic use</subject><subject>naloxone training</subject><subject>Narcotic Antagonists - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Narcotics</subject><subject>Nasal sprays</subject><subject>Opiate Overdose</subject><subject>opioid use disorder</subject><subject>Opioid-Related Disorders</subject><subject>Opioids</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Reaction time</subject><subject>rural</subject><subject>Rural areas</subject><subject>Rural communities</subject><subject>Rural Population</subject><subject>Social response</subject><subject>Substance abuse</subject><subject>Substance abuse treatment</subject><subject>Substance use disorder</subject><subject>Symptoms</subject><subject>Teaching</subject><subject>Teams</subject><subject>Training</subject><subject>United States</subject><issn>1527-6546</issn><issn>1547-5069</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>BHHNA</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kL9OwzAQhy0EoqUw8ALIEhNDWjtxnGSsKv6qgoXO1sWxIVVqF7sRzcYj8Iw8CS4pbHg56_Tdp7sfQueUjGl4k6VpxzTOGT1AQ5qyLEoJLw53_ziLeMr4AJ14vySEcJolx2iQcEYpK9gQLaYGq-26sQ421nXYb9qqw1ZjwK9gKv_18WkNNtDYrTUKbxzUpjYvWFuHXeugwbIJHVmD8TgMBAFofYqONDRene3rCC1urp9nd9H86fZ-Np1HMslzGgGjEpgEpSAhKa1kltK8VEWaF5wykoPmlVRKk0CDgrKCUgGFQiVFuKyKkxG67L1rZ99a5TdiaVsXtvUizmnCC87SHXXVU9JZ753SYu3qFbhOUCJ2AYoQoPgJMLAXe2NbrlT1R_4mFoBJD7zXjer-N4mHx0Wv_AblWnwu</recordid><startdate>202305</startdate><enddate>202305</enddate><creator>Cody, Shameka L.</creator><creator>Hines, Cheryl B.</creator><creator>Glenn, Christina J.</creator><creator>Sharp‐Marbury, Rochelle</creator><creator>Newman, Sharlene</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>0-V</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7U3</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ALSLI</scope><scope>AN0</scope><scope>ASE</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHHNA</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FPQ</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HEHIP</scope><scope>K6X</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M0T</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2S</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>S0X</scope></search><sort><creationdate>202305</creationdate><title>An exploratory study of a hands‐on naloxone training for rural clinicians and staff</title><author>Cody, Shameka L. ; Hines, Cheryl B. ; Glenn, Christina J. ; Sharp‐Marbury, Rochelle ; Newman, Sharlene</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3881-a41ca4caeea3051dc7518be958961408af6dceef0388aeabdabea1a9e39527d23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Acknowledgment</topic><topic>Analgesics, Opioid - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Classification</topic><topic>clinicians</topic><topic>Community</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>Drug abuse</topic><topic>Drug overdose</topic><topic>Drug Overdose - diagnosis</topic><topic>Drug Overdose - drug therapy</topic><topic>Drug Overdose - prevention & control</topic><topic>Drugs</topic><topic>Efficacy</topic><topic>Fatalities</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fentanyl</topic><topic>Fidelity</topic><topic>Friendship</topic><topic>Hands</topic><topic>harms reduction</topic><topic>Health behavior</topic><topic>Health care industry</topic><topic>Health facilities</topic><topic>Health promotion</topic><topic>Health services</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Interdisciplinary aspects</topic><topic>Knowledge</topic><topic>Leadership</topic><topic>Lifesaving</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Management</topic><topic>Mental disorders</topic><topic>Mental health care</topic><topic>Mental health services</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Mortality rates</topic><topic>Multidisciplinary teams</topic><topic>Naloxone</topic><topic>Naloxone - therapeutic use</topic><topic>naloxone training</topic><topic>Narcotic Antagonists - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Narcotics</topic><topic>Nasal sprays</topic><topic>Opiate Overdose</topic><topic>opioid use disorder</topic><topic>Opioid-Related Disorders</topic><topic>Opioids</topic><topic>Pandemics</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Reaction time</topic><topic>rural</topic><topic>Rural areas</topic><topic>Rural communities</topic><topic>Rural Population</topic><topic>Social response</topic><topic>Substance abuse</topic><topic>Substance abuse treatment</topic><topic>Substance use disorder</topic><topic>Symptoms</topic><topic>Teaching</topic><topic>Teams</topic><topic>Training</topic><topic>United States</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Cody, Shameka L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hines, Cheryl B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Glenn, Christina J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sharp‐Marbury, Rochelle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Newman, Sharlene</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Social Services Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Social Science Premium Collection</collection><collection>British Nursing Database</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>British Nursing Index (BNI) (1985 to Present)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>Sociology Collection</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Healthcare Administration Database</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Psychology</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Sociology Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>SIRS Editorial</collection><jtitle>Journal of nursing scholarship</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Cody, Shameka L.</au><au>Hines, Cheryl B.</au><au>Glenn, Christina J.</au><au>Sharp‐Marbury, Rochelle</au><au>Newman, Sharlene</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>An exploratory study of a hands‐on naloxone training for rural clinicians and staff</atitle><jtitle>Journal of nursing scholarship</jtitle><addtitle>J Nurs Scholarsh</addtitle><date>2023-05</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>55</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>599</spage><epage>604</epage><pages>599-604</pages><issn>1527-6546</issn><eissn>1547-5069</eissn><abstract>Introduction
Since the COVID‐19 pandemic, an increase in fentanyl‐combined drugs has led to a surge in opioid overdose deaths in the United States. Higher opioid overdose mortality rates are problematic in rural communities, and there are few prevention, treatment, and recovery resources for individuals experiencing opioid use disorder.
Method
This exploratory project aimed to investigate a hands‐on naloxone training for rural clinicians and staff. Rural clinicians and staff at two behavioral health centers were recruited to participate in a 30‐min lecture and 30‐min hands‐on intranasal naloxone training using a low‐fidelity mannequin. A pre‐post opioid knowledge questionnaire, rubric based on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration toolkit, and investigator‐generated survey were used to evaluate opioid knowledge and response, demonstration of intranasal naloxone administration, and participants' perceptions of the training. Enrollment characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics and paired t‐tests were used to assess mean differences.
Results
Of the nine participants in the project, seven (87.5%) were female and six (75.0%) were Black. Four participants assumed a therapist role, attained a MS or MA degree, and had 5 or more years of experience working in healthcare. The total mean rubric score for all participants was 96.0 (SD = 8.8). No significant pre‐post mean differences among opioid knowledge, overdose risk, and overdose response categories were found, all p > 0.05. However, post‐intervention mean scores were slightly higher in all categories except overdose risk. Most participants (77.8%) responded that they felt comfortable handling an opioid situation and teaching the training to community members. Open‐ended responses indicated that participants liked the demonstrations, examples used, hands‐on nature of the training, and the presentation materials.
Conclusion
A hands‐on naloxone training is beneficial for training rural clinicians and staff to respond to opioid overdose. This training may be a promising solution to reduce response time between recognition of opioid symptoms and administration of the life‐saving medication, naloxone. Future studies should examine the efficacy of this training in larger samples with the inclusion of rural interdisciplinary teams, trusted community leaders, and family and friends of those impacted by opioid use disorder.
Clinical relevance
This innovative hands‐on naloxone training is designed for rural clinicians and residents who are most likely to witness individuals experiencing opioid toxicity. The primary goal is to reduce response time between recognition of signs and symptoms and administration of the life‐saving medication, Naloxone.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>36411494</pmid><doi>10.1111/jnu.12841</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Acknowledgment Analgesics, Opioid - therapeutic use Classification clinicians Community Coronaviruses COVID-19 Drug abuse Drug overdose Drug Overdose - diagnosis Drug Overdose - drug therapy Drug Overdose - prevention & control Drugs Efficacy Fatalities Female Fentanyl Fidelity Friendship Hands harms reduction Health behavior Health care industry Health facilities Health promotion Health services Humans Interdisciplinary aspects Knowledge Leadership Lifesaving Male Management Mental disorders Mental health care Mental health services Mortality Mortality rates Multidisciplinary teams Naloxone Naloxone - therapeutic use naloxone training Narcotic Antagonists - therapeutic use Narcotics Nasal sprays Opiate Overdose opioid use disorder Opioid-Related Disorders Opioids Pandemics Questionnaires Reaction time rural Rural areas Rural communities Rural Population Social response Substance abuse Substance abuse treatment Substance use disorder Symptoms Teaching Teams Training United States |
title | An exploratory study of a hands‐on naloxone training for rural clinicians and staff |
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