Variation in species diversity and abundance of sponge communities near the human settlement and their bioprospect in Pramuka Island, Jakarta, Indonesia

Coral reefs are critical habitats in the marine environment. Human impact on corals and other associated organisms might lead to degradation. Sponges are the dominant coral-associated organism on most reefs. Sponges occupy many important habitats, hence, studying the spatial patterns of sponges is crucial. This study aimed to asses hard coral cover and investigated the variation of species diversity and abundance of sponge communities on coral reefs near the human population. Stylissa carteri extract is tested for cell death in colon cancer (CC) cell lines (Caco-2 and HCT-116 cells) and breast cancer (BC) cell lines. The hard coral cover was affected by human disturbances and their associated organism. The study on sponge communities was conducted on seven different sites on Pramuka Island. A total of 760 individuals from 28 species of sponges belonging to 17 families were recorded in this study. Petrosia nigricans and Aaptos suberitoides were the most abundant species. The multivariate analysis of sponges abundance and families using the Bray Curtis similarity index and non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) clearly showed the distribution of sponges at Pramuka. The extract of Stylissa carteri triggers cell death in colon and breast cancer cell lines (p