Use of biofuel with nano-additives in low heat rejection engines

Among the various alternatives explored for fossil fuel, biofuel is one of the strongest contenders that provide improved performance and reduced exhaust emissions as well as dependency on oil imports. However, the higher nitrogen oxides and consumption rate alongside stability, piston ring sticking and injector clogging, etc are several commercial barriers coupled with the long-term usage of biofuel/biofuel blends. Thus in this paper, a recent review on the inference of nano-additive blended biofuel using a low heat rejection engine is comprehensively and critically examined. Numerous researchers preferred nano-additives as the added substances to the base fuel for improving its thermo-physical properties and overall engine operating characteristics. These enhancements occur because of the catalytic effect, improved heat transfer rate, and higher surface to volume ratio of the nanoparticles. Also, recent researchers noted the exploitation of the multilayer-coated low heat rejection engine is to be capable of using even the low-grade biofuel with a small fraction of nanoaddives and contributing to the dual/multi-fuel concept, due to its, reduced heat losses, ignition delay period, and pre-mixed burning phase along with increased diffusion burning phase, and total combustion duration.