Magma Flow Patterns in Dikes: Observations From Analogue Experiments

We conducted analogue experiments to examine flux‐driven and buoyancy‐driven magma ascent, which included a series of isothermal experiments and thermal, solidification‐prone experiments. We measured the internal flow using 2D particle image velocimetry, which indicates that buoyancy has a strong control on the flow pattern of isothermal dikes. Dikes that are not buoyant (likely driven by source pressure) take on a circulating pattern, while buoyant dikes assume an ascending flow pattern. Solidification modifies the flow field so that flow is confined to the dike's upper head region. The lower tail becomes mostly solidified, with a narrow conduit connecting the source to the head. We interpret that this conduit acts as a high velocity point source to the head, promoting a circulating flow pattern, even as the dike becomes buoyant. We then perform particle tracking velocimetry on several particles to illustrate the complexity of their paths. In a circulating flow pattern, particles rise to the top of the dike, descend near the lateral edge, and then are drawn back into the upward flow. In an ascending pattern, particles ascend slightly faster than the propagation velocity, and therefore are pushed to the side as they approach the upper tip. In erupting dikes, particles simply flow to the vent. In the context of crystal growth in magmatic dikes, these results suggest that crystal growth patterns (e.g., normal or oscillatory zoning) can reflect the magma flow pattern, and potentially the driving forces. Plain Language Summary Dikes are magma‐filled cracks, which grow through the earth and can feed volcanic eruptions. Depending on the forces acting on the magma, including buoyancy, the magma inside can flow in different ways. We studied the flow inside of dikes using small, laboratory experiments. We injected oil, water, or liquid gelatin, mimicking the magma, into a block of transparent gelatin, mimicking the Earth's crust. We added small tracer particles to the liquids, which could be tracked using cameras, to understand the flow inside of our experiments. We found that when buoyancy is low, for example, when dikes are small, the internal flow circulates up and down. However, as the buoyancy increases, they begin to flow upward. These results can be related to small crystals that form in magma in nature and record chemical information in layers (known as zoning), like rings in a tree. If a crystal circulates up and down, it can look different from one that j