A review of learning management systems (LMS) framework towards the element of outcome based education (OBE)

The emergence of the Learning Management System (LMS) has significantly enhanced the teaching and learning process by centralising the management, organisation, delivery, and reporting of educational content and student outcomes. Moving towards outcome-based education (OBE), a LMS that is capable of supporting the delivery of OBE courses can facilitate more effective engagement with students, thereby improving students' learning outcomes and accelerating the process of continuous quality improvement. However, there is no well-rounded LMS framework for supporting the implementation of the OBE learning process to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to investigate how well the OBE elements are integrated into the LMS framework and what research gaps exist at the delivery and assessment stages of the OBE course in the context of an LMS. The methodology entails a review of related works on LMS in terms of user management and administration, pedagogy style, usability and learning outcomes, support for learner behaviours and actions, design specification, clear and user-friendly graphical interface, course schedule creation, course administration capability, course content creation tools, rich content types, well-designed course repository, a student's profile, assessment, score, and transcript, learning and instructional design, the ability of users to interact, collaborate, evaluate, and provide feedback, reporting, technical specification and support, and finally, security. A selection of articles is analysed to identify areas for further investigation as well as the limitations of the current LMS. In summary, the findings indicate that none of the currently available LMSs effectively support and capture OBE knowledge during the delivery and assessment stages. As a result, the outcomes are unfavourable and conform to OBE requirements. Additionally, one of the significant challenges that must be addressed is designing and developing the ideal OBE-based LMS to close the gap.