The Economic Value of User Tracking for Publishers

Regulators and browsers increasingly restrict user tracking to protect users' privacy online. In two large-scale empirical studies, we study the economic implications for publishers relying on selling advertising space to finance their content. In our first study, we draw on 42 million ad impressions from 111 publishers covering EU desktop browsing traffic in 2016. In our second study, we use 218 million ad impressions from 10,526 publishers (i.e., apps) covering EU and US mobile in-app browsing traffic in 2023. The two studies differ in the share of trackable users (Study 1: 85%; Study 2: Apple: 17%, Android: 91%). Still, we find similar average ad impression price decreases (Study 1: 18% and Study 2: 23%) when user tracking is unavailable. More than 90% of the publishers realize lower prices when selling ad impressions for untrackable users. Publishers offering content on sports, cars, lifestyle & shopping, and news & information suffer the most. Premium publishers with high-quality edited content and strong reputations, thematic-focused (niche) publishers, and smaller publishers suffer less from the unavailability of user tracking. In contrast, non-premium publishers with non-edited or user-generated content, thematic-broad (general news) publishers, and larger publishers suffer more. The availability of a user ID generates the highest value for publishers, whereas collecting a user's browsing history, perceived as intrusive by most users, generates only a small value for publishers. These results affirm that ensuring user privacy online has substantial costs for online publishers, but those costs differ across publishers and the type of collected data. This article offers suggestions to reduce these costs.