Effect of calcination temperature on characterization of natural hydroxyapatite prepared from carp fish bones

Hydroxyapatite is one of the most common bio-ceramic materials which is currently used in the biomedical field. The development of hydroxyapatite is due to their crystallographic and chemical similarity to the hard tissue of human body. The present study aims to prepare hydroxyapatite from a bio-waste material (carp fish bone) as an eco-friendly and inexpensive source by calcination treatment. The calcination process was applied at various calcining temperatures; the heating rate was kept constant at 10 °C min −1 . FTIR results proved the formation of hydroxyapatite at 950 °C due to the founding peaks corresponding to phosphate (632 cm −1 ) and hydroxyl (3572 cm −1 ). XRD analysis confirmed the formation of HAp at 950 °C by the presence three main peaks: (211), (112), and (300), which correspond to the characteristic peaks of hydroxyapatite. Raman analyses which displayed the calcining process remove organic components from a bones matrix. AFM showed that the size of particles is ranged between nano and microns. EDS analysis found that the Ca/P reaches 1.6589 for fish bone after calcination at 950 °C, which is close to stoichiometric HAp (1.67).