Long‐term manure application enhances organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in Mollisol subsoil

Subsoils contain half of the total soil organic carbon (SOC) that is supposed to be relatively more persistent than that present in the topsoil. Improving SOC and total nitrogen (TN) stocks in croplands is crucial to mitigate climate change and ensuring food security. However, our insight into how the management practices and climatic variables influence stocks of SOC and TN, and crop grain yields in the soil profile is limited. In this study, we assessed the long‐term impacts of mineral and manure fertilizers on SOC and TN stocks at soil profile levels (up to 100 cm), and cropping system (wheat–maize–soybean) grain yields. Results indicated that in the top 0–40‐cm layers SOC and TN stocks were the highest in manure plus mineral fertilizers (MNPK) compared with control, that is, non‐fertilized control (CK). Conversely, compared with NPK, sole application of manure (M) clearly increased SOC stocks by 19%, 40%, and 39% and TN stocks by 51%, 105%, and 116% in 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm, respectively (p