Coherence of Fluctuations of Components of the Global Climate System with Slow Fluctuations of Solar Activity according to Ground-Based and Satellite Observations

The emergence of extensive data from remote sensing of the atmosphere, the ocean, and the cryosphere has opened up new opportunities for studying the causes and mechanisms of natural climate fluctuations. Slow climatic fluctuations in the water temperature of the surface oceanic layer and for ocean depths up to 700 m in the Northern Hemisphere have been identified and studied as a response to the corresponding modulations of solar activity. It is shown that, taking into account the nonstationary nature of the climatic series, the most appropriate method of analysis is the calculation of wavelet and wavelet cross spectra. It is found that the maxima of 11-year solar cycles are subject to long-term modulations with a wide spectrum of quasi-periodicities, in which the intervals of 60- to 80-year-long, as well as quasi-century and quasi-two-century fluctuations, are distinguished. These fluctuations are also translated into corresponding oscillations of the global surface-air temperature (SAT) and outgoing longwave radiation fluxes. Long-term modulations with a quasi-period of 60–80 years, which we call, following preceding researchers, the fundamental climatic oscillation (FCO), pass further within the climate system into the detected fluctuations in the area of ice and snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere, obtained exclusively from remote sensing data, with maintaining the quasi-periodicities specified by fluctuations in solar activity. It is shown that, in turn, the FCO is repeated in the series of satellite data of altimetric measurements of the World Ocean level. Moreover, the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is also affected by modulations of solar activity, which is probably due to the forced fluctuations in the temperature of the waters of the ocean, which is the main container of carbon and CO 2 . Thus, if it is said about natural climate fluctuations of the half-century, secular, and two-century scales, it can be said about the coherence of these fluctuations, on the one hand, and solar activity oscillations, as an external disturbing factor, on the other.