Problem-based learning assisted by GeoGebra and Cabri 3D for understanding of geometrical concepts: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Until now, there have been many literature studies concerning a meta-analysis of problem-based learning (PBL) on students' mathematical abilities. However, it seems that the use of technology such as mathematical software in implementing PBL has not been widely used. This study aims to summarize, estimate, and evaluate the effect of PBL assisted by mathematical software, namely GeoGebra and Cabri 3D, on students' understanding of geometrical concepts using systematic review and meta-analysis by synthesizing nine effect sizes from seven primary studies that satisfies the inclusion criteria. The comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) software was used as the analysis tool to calculate Hedge's g equation for determining the effect size. From systematic review, it can be concluded that 86% of the studies show that PBL assisted GeoGebra and Cabri 3D has positive impacts on students' understanding of geometrical concepts. Based on the meta-analysis results, the overall effect size is 0.674 according to the random-effects model and it was classified as moderate effect. In addition, some characteristics examined, namely sample size, education level, and mathematical software, did not significantly cause the heterogeneous effect size data. Thus, these findings recommend that mathematics teachers and lecturers should choose to apply PBL assisted by GeoGebra and Cabri 3D as one of the best solutions to improve understanding of geometrical concepts in mathematics learning.