Six-electron organic redoxmers for aqueous redox flow batteries

We have developed a novel molecular design that enables six-electron redox activity in fused phenazine-based organic scaffolds. Combined electrochemical and spectroscopic tests successfully confirm the two-step 6e − redox mechanism. This work offers an opportunity for achieving energy-dense redox flow batteries, on condition that the solubility and stability issues are addressed. Fused phenazine-based organic redoxmers capable of six-electron redox activities have been designed and evaluated in aqueous flow batteries. Such a novel molecular engineering approach opens an avenue for enabling energy-dense storage strategies.