Subfunctionalization probably drives the emergence of plant growth-promoting genes

The duplication and divergence of stress-related genes might help microbes adapt to different environments. However, little is known about this type of subfunctionalization process in microbes. We here examined the evolution and function of PHB polymerases (PhaCs) from the plant growth-promoting, endophytic, and diazotrophic bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Az39. Besides the previously reported chromosomal phaC gene ( phaC Az39-Chr ) involved in abiotic stress adaptation, we showed that strain Az39 contains an additional copy of the phaC gene ( phaC Az39-p4 ) in an extra-chromosomal replicon. Heterologous expression analysis demonstrated that the phaC Az39-p4 gene codifies for a functional PHB polymerase. Comparative sequence and evolutionary analyses showed an extreme level of divergence between PhaC Az39-p4 and other known PhaCs, including PhaC Az39-Chr , suggesting a divergent evolution of paralogous copies of phaC from strain Az39. Contrary to its paralogous copy, phaC Az39-p4 is specifically induced in planta and is necessary to enhance plant growth, thus empirically supporting the predicted functional divergence.