Climate change and its effect on water and vegetation cover over shary region using GIS techniques

The purpose of this study, identify and monitor changes that have occurred over land cover for different time periods using remote sensing and GIS techniques by analyzing satellite images for years (1990-2005-2018) to producing maps of water bodies and vegetation cover with studying the impact of climate factors (Temperature, Evaporation, and Rainfall) on them. The climate of study area is characterized by continental characteristics as it is warm, dry in summer, and cool in winter leading to significant differences in land cover in the region, hence the importance of research is to study these climatic elements and how they affected nature of the prevailing land cover. To execute this goal, three satellite images were used in this study, obtained from Landsat 5 - 8 satellites besides monthly average data of some climatic factors that have been adopted from European Centre ECMWF. The Supervised classification technique and spectral indices (NDVI and NDWI) were applied on satellite images using ArcMap10.6. The analysis shows clear changes in land covers during the study period which included changes in soils, vegetation, and water with the climatic factors, where the area of lake and rivers directly changed with rainfall except for the years 2018 was inversely, while inversely changing with temperature and evaporation either the area of grassland and orchards inversely changing with temperature and evaporation except for the years 2018 was directly where its area increases with a decrease in temperature and evaporation this is due to increased soil moisture which helps to germinate the natural grass.