Chronic Effects of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Hormones on the Animal Model Danio Rerio
Introduction: The dispersion of chemicals in water ecosystems nowadays is a serious threat to wildlife animals, plants and can cause damage also to humans. Studies confirmed the presence of pharmaceuticals, namely NSAIDs and hormones, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and pesticides in sma...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Drug safety 2022-10, Vol.45 (10), p.1259-1259 |
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Zusammenfassung: | Introduction: The dispersion of chemicals in water ecosystems nowadays is a serious threat to wildlife animals, plants and can cause damage also to humans. Studies confirmed the presence of pharmaceuticals, namely NSAIDs and hormones, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and pesticides in small amounts in a wide variety of ecosystems, including rivers, lakes, and seas. As regards the pharmaceuticals class, NSAIDs and hormones have been detected in concentrations ranging from ng/L to lg/L [1]. Exposure to these compounds could damage the central nervous system, altering behavior and cognitive capacities. Among NSAIDs, ibuprofen and diclofenac were proven to be the most harmful for freshwater fish, also acting in a concerted fashion [2]. As for the hormones, 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol and 17-beta-estradiol are the ones most present in the environment and contributed > 97% to the total potential estro-genicity of the waters of Venice lagoon [3]. Many studies investigated the occurrence of human pharmaceuticals in the environment [4], although very limited knowledge is available on the effects of those drugs on non-target organisms (polychaetes, crustaceans, mollusks, fish, and others) in the aquatic environment [5]. Objective: Evaluate the neurodegenerative effects that the chronic exposure of adult zebrafish to diclofenac, ibuprofen, 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol, and 17-beta-estradiol at levels encountered in the environment. Methods: Animals are exposed for four weeks to 4 ascending concentrations of each pharmaceutical. Behavioral trials are carried out before and after the treatment. Novel tank test is performed to evaluate anxiety-like, stress and locomotion parameters, T-maze for assessing damages in spatial memory and olfactory preference test for the recognition of the insurgence of anosmia-i.e. the impairment of the sense of smell. Immediately after these trials, fishes are euthanized and included in paraffin. Immunohistochemistry studies are focused on the detection of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), markers of dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons. TH+ and ChAT? neurons are expected to be reduced by the treatment. Results: Ongoing studies prove that chronic exposure to diclofenac, ibuprofen, 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol, and 17-beta-estradiol alter cognitive and motor performance in line with neuroanatomical rearrangement. Conclusion: Our study provides a useful model for understanding the effects of pharmaceuticals i |
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ISSN: | 0114-5916 1179-1942 |