RETRACTED ARTICLE: Nanofluids: properties and applications

Nanofluids are liquid suspensions of hard nanometer-sized particles suspended in a base fluid. The suspension of small solid particles in energy transmission fluids enhances their thermal conductivity and provides an inexpensive and creative way to greatly boost their heat transfer (HT) properties. It is possible to add nanofluids to various industrial and technical issues, such as heat exchangers, electrical equipment cooling, and chemical processes. In comparison to traditional fluids utilized for HT, which include water, oil, ethylene glycol, and single nanoparticles (NPs) involving nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids are new forms of fluids that display strong HT efficiency. In terms of cooling, hybrid nanofluids function well where temperature scales are high and have a wide variety of thermal applications. In general, hybrid nanofluids are developed by diffusing two distinct forms of NPs in base fluids, which has emerged as a novel nanotechnology. Figure graphical abstract highlights the main parameters that influence the effective thermal conductivity of any nanofluid. Nano-fluids are produced by combining one or more nano-particles in a base-fluid. Nano-fluids, especially hybrid nano-fluids, have better thermal conductivities than simple liquids. The results of various articles demonstrated that various parameters such as nano-particles size, their volume fraction, temperature, aspect ratio, base-fluid, nano inclusions, additive, and pH affect nano-fluid thermal conductivity. In this paper, the effect of these parameters is reviewed by considering experimental works performed on thermal conductivity. Since thermal conductivity is measured by researchers experimentally, it is also important for researchers to understand the effect of nano-particles on humans and the environment. Thus, in this article, published articles in this field are reviewed and the effect of nano-particles on human and environment are investigated. The results of these articles indicated that nano-particles can endanger human health and can have irreversible effects on human health. The nano-particles also have a devastating effect on the environment and can affect the water, soil, and animals. Highlights An overview of nano fluids and their application to cooling and heating. An overview of nano fluids and characteristics of cooling and heating. Review recent progress in nano fluids in pharmaceutical and medical. Review recent progress in nano fluids in mechanical engineering and c