Loading Devices for Plane Lapping

Existing clamping devices for lapping machines are analyzed. Devices of mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, and electromagnetic type are considered, as well as those that rely on gravitational force. Their advantages and disadvantages are presented, and their influence on the machining quality for precision surfaces is assessed. The type of loading must be chosen primarily on the basis of the requirements regarding the working surfaces of the parts and also the sensitivity of the material to aberrant variation in the loading force.