Performance analysis of IPMC electrode based on the densest packing principle

Based on the deposition and permeation of metal particles during the formation of IPMC electrode, the microstructure of the electrode was analyzed. In combination with the principle of the most compact packing, the electrode is modeled by the face-centered cubic most compact packing and the hexagonal crystal system. Finally, the model is verified by experiments. The results show that the predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental data, and the relative error is small. The influences of packing density, coincidence ratio, electrode thickness and particle radius on the resistance and capacitance of IPMC are discussed. By controlling these parameters effectively, the electric properties of IPMC electrodes can be designed, the ideal actuators and sensors can be prepared, and the potential application range of IPMC can be expanded. Graphic abstract